Archive for year: 2025

You are here: / / 2025

Ways of Attracting Investment, and Alternatives to the Investment of Capital

There are only a few business owners who know the various ways of attracting investment, which is now on the market and it can be used as an alternative to the investment of their own resources. There is no question that, depending on the circumstances, the allocation of financial resources to own the best solution, but it’s not always the entrepreneur to have such a resource to invest in their business.

  • The increase of the share Capital

Investing through the capital, is known as the equity it can be carried as an increase in the capital stock, is one of the most common ways in which the one(s) of the shareholder(s) will be(will be) give the values will be(will be) your(s) of interest(s) and augmented(s), while the rest of the members, provided that they do not exercise its right of first refusal on the rise in the capital, you will have their holdings diluted, in a proportionate manner. This is a contribution that can occur in a currency (the delivery of the money, in cash, by way of capitalisation of profits or, in fact, of the rights or property liable to assessment in the money, the transfer of ownership of real estate, for example). In these cases, the business owner must be aware of the business can gain from equity investments, there is a difference between the value declared on your tax return, and the value is displayed when the increase of the share capital.

  • Capitalisation of Profits

When capitalized, the profit[1], in spite of all the owners have achieved an increase in equity, corresponding to an increase in the value of the shares loans, the increase of capital is not taxed on the income tax return.

  • Bonus Shares

The contribution to the increase of the share capital, in connection with any of its terms, you may only have a portion of the amounts converted in the increase of the share capital, with the creation of new shares, while the other is reserved as a capital gain[2] – which is nothing more nor less than the issuance of shares by an amount greater than the par value attributed to them (the one provided in the articles of association).

This is a strategy that is made possible, in any of the transaction to avoid the increase of the capital city, but for some reason, the rest of the members, although it is not part of the rise, they have not agreed to have diluted its stake. In these scenarios, the difference between the total value of the issue and the par value of the shares is to be considered as a capital gain, which, in the case of the issuance of the shares, that is, the S/A’s, it becomes even more attractive for this type of company, given the fact that it is not subject to tax, however, is in the LTDA”s, there is still controversy as to the exemption of tax[3] what can make this is a strategy that is not so attractive, but it is still a perfectly valid one.

  • Mutual Convertible

The other way, it is also common equity and is the one that can be converted or not, that is, the operations of the loan, in which some values are taken, and then later returned, including inflation and interest rates. Since the mutual convertible loans, which means that once you inadimplida of the bond, and the values of loan may be converted into an increase of the share capital, for the one who has borrowed.

When carried out at(s) of the person(s) of the shareholder(s), the mutual you should always provide for the return of the value added of inflation and interest rates, so that the operation is not to be confused with that of a single contribution to the increase of the share capital or, in more extreme cases, the operations are simulated so as to hide the confusion associated between a particular asset of the owner and the property of the company.

Mutual is a long-term strategy for the attraction of investment from a third party. The provider does not necessarily have to be a member of the company (borrower) and it is likely that the investment operations of the party to be brought in this way. If it can be converted, when the inadimplida to the obligation of payment by the company to the lender that executes the contract and are entered into the corporate structure.

For these transactions, whether entered into the agreement with a partner or with a third party, it is crucial that you expected to be the trigger for the completion of the conversion of the amounts loaned at interest, as well as why, how can this be done with the indication of the order of the trial and any potential out-of-stake, which the lender may be able to achieve this.

The other point to note relates to the aspect of the tax on these transactions, especially with respect to the payment or non-ADOPTED on all these operations, it will depend on the particular circumstances, and, therefore, should be considered on a case-by-case[4], as well as the impact of taxes on the income (interest) held by the lender because the loan is made[5].

Despite the fact that the conversion to being a safe return to the investor, and is easy to perform, once again joined in the framework of company law, the lender shall share in the risks of the business. Not only that, but in any investment operation that involves, also, the entrance into the corporate structure, will cause the investor to assume all of the rights and obligations inherent in membership and as a result of your sharing of your results, you may be able to do it with you on the amounts originally invested, not to be converted to an income-or even if you are an investor, is now a partner, you have to bear the losses.

  • Sociedade em conta de participação

One way to invest in, and do not enter into the corporate structure of the company in which you want to be is through the creation of a sociedade em conta de participação[6] this will be used as a sort of bridge to the final destination of the values. This type of company, we have a picture of the ostensible partner-the one who actually runs the company and its values, and the partner-participant, that it has a duty only to the supply of the agreed-upon amount, you will be exempted from any liability, including that of the company, which shall be borne solely and exclusively by the partner programme. In addition to the separation of duties, this is appealing because of the results of the company shall be allocated among the partners programme and the participants.

In spite of being used, for the most part, to the operations of the investment, the capital of the third party, it can also be used for the operations of the equity, we can see that the values contributed by a partner to a participant shall not be subject to the interest that would arise, of course, the operations of the loan.

  • Buy option

Another option is a call option, the operation in which they paid a certain amount for a future met certain requirements in order to increase the participation has to be taken or to go in the corporate structure. When, in the exercise of an option to purchase, as it will pay the buyer the amount of the participation purchased. What you pay for in advance, that is, to have the right to be in the future, you have the option to purchase.

From the point of view of tax, the investment can be attracted by the option, the purchase price will be paid when the payment for the home, since joining the company as a receivable, and not as a loan, as well as when you do the exercise, because of the difference between the amount initially paid, and the amount you have paid for the actual purchase of a membership is considered as a capital gain.

  • Equity Crowdfunding

More recently, the funding of investments through online platforms vitalizou, the so-called equity crowdfunding,. in Spite of the name, this type of investment that is aimed at raising funds from third parties, and not from its own members. It’s an operation done, as I said, by way of an on-line platform (under the framework of the normative regulations of the CVM 588/2017), in which case the company offers a certain degree of participation in its capital, in return for the investment.

The operation is similar to the well-known great online, but there are some differences, such as the expenditure of funds, and rules, and considering that a great online have rules of their own, while equity crowdfunding is regulated by the securities commission.

For a society to make the investment through equity crowd funding, you must meet a few requirements, such as: (i) the company must be in business[7]; and (ii) have annual gross revenue of R$ 10.000.000,00; (iii) is not listed as an issuer of securities; (iv) the investment shall be limited to R$ 5.000.000,00; (v) the campaign may not last longer than one hundred eighty (180) calendar days.

  • M&A, IPO’s and Franchises

In addition to all of the ways of attracting the investments listed above, as well as other, non-standard, they are also effective in the promotion of your business. The operations of buying and selling companies, M&A, ipos on the Stock exchange, in the case of joint-stock companies, and the expansion of its activities over the franchise will also show you the strategies that are efficient, although it is not common to attract new investment.

To get to know and make use of all the possible ways of attracting investments, it is of the utmost importance to the health of the business. That’s because they show some great strategies to reduce the debt burden of early society, as well as to mitigate the bootstraping[8], as well as for the growth of the business through the collection of smart money[9].

Leonardo Theon School  Law, bachelor of laws, with an emphasis in business law from the University Presbyterian Mackenzie (2012), which was registered at the Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo (OAB/SP) (2012). A post-graduate degree and an Expert in Corporate Law and Mergers and Acquisitions at the Law School of São Paulo da Fundação Getulio Vargas (2014) Master’s degree in Law and Political economics, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, brazil (2017), the author of many books and articles, a speaker, a teacher at the undergraduate, MBA, and Executive Education in the FIPECAFI, a member of the bar Association of São Paulo (AASP), and the Chairman of the State committee of the Business Law of the FEDERAMINAS. A founding member of the TM is Associated with it.

Anna Paula freely and responsibly on the Pine tree – a Lawyer with a degree in law, with a focus on civil law, from the University Presbyterian Mackenzie (2021), and which is registered at the Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo (OAB/SP) (2021). A post-graduate in Business Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS). She is the author of the articles. A member of the State committee of the Business Law of the FEDERAMINAS. A lawyer for the Department and the Advisory have no Members.

[1] The capitalization of interest is in the reinversão in the profits of the company in its own operations, rather than distribute it to shareholders in the form of dividends to shareholders, raising the capital stock and as a result, the value of the shares. [2] The capital stock shall consist of amounts received by the company and that you are not carried forward by the result of the recipes, which relate to the amounts allocated to the strengthening of the capital, without being as the counterparts of any of the company’s efforts in terms of delivery of the goods or for the provision of services to you. Refer to it as such in the reserves, the premium on issue of shares, the sale of the founder shares and the warrants. These are all capital transactions with owners. GELBCKE, Ernesto Rubens; SANTOS, Ariovaldo from IUDÍCIBUS, Sergio de; MARTINS, Eliseu. the Manual of Accounting-a Corporate. 3rd ed. São Paulo: Atlas, The Latest In 2018. p. 383-384. [3] To find out more, please read: if there Carf examines the taxation of the capital gain on the issuance of the shares and the shares [4] Concerns ADOPTED in the operations carried out by a financial institution or factoring”s between a natural person and a legal entity or between legal entities, they have swapping of currencies, which could lead to the transaction of insurance made by the insurance companies, that are related to the values, or the u.s. securities and exchange commission; and that involve financial assets, gold and the resource exchange. The Board of Tax appeals (“CARF”), pursuant to article 19, And to the Act no. 10.522/2002, it held that the mere fact of financial flows between companies of the same economic group is not a “mutual-financial and away from the impact of the financial operations tax (IOF/credit to the Credit of the operation. In this case, the Class took the view that the burden of proof that it is the nature of the loan financial is the responsibility of the supervision, which for this purpose should be to effectively carry out audits of operations, and to demonstrate that the characteristics of the type of the contract are to be found in the present case. In this way, it is not just the mere fact that it was the cash flow of the company autuada, and the rest of the companies of its group, cost-effective, there is also the impact of the IOF tax Credit, because it ensejaria the taxation of the operation, for instance, which is not allowed in our legal system. In the absence of proof to the CARF was understood to terminate the requirement that the IOF tax Credit on such transactions in the current account. Court, n. 3201-009.809) [5] The interest payments on the contracts of the loan are to be taxed as a financial investment in fixed income securities. The tax will be levied at the date of the payment or credit to the income subject to withholding by the borrower, at the rate of: (i) to 22.5% (twenty-two-and-a-half per cent, for a period of up to 180 days only; and (ii) to 20% (twenty per cent, for a period of 181 days up to 360 days, and (iii) to 17.5% (seventeen and one-half percent for a period between 361 days to 720 days; or (iv) 15 percent to fifteen percent, for applications where a longer period of 720 days. (art. 1 of the Law no. 11.033/2004) and art. 46, § § I-IV, and c/c (art. 47 (III) of the Normative Instruction RFB no. 1.585/2015) [6] The society is not personified, who do not have a record in the registrar’s office or the board of trade, but they must have a tax ID (NORMATIVE INSTRUCTION RFB No. 2119/2022). With the exception of, well, the fact is that the taxation of the company in the account will be the same as that of a partner in the surrounding, as well as the inability of a partner, open, owner participant and the company, in the account of the participating operating system of the taxation of a Single Country. [7] Business corporation-is the one who carries on an economic activity is organized for the production and circulation of goods and services, which can operate either in the form of a general partnership, limited partnership, limited liability partnership, simple, and joint stock company. [8] The bootstraping is to start a business is only with his own money without any investment from a third party, or with little to no investment of any third party. [9] The smart money is it’s the one investment that is not the only values that will be collected, but it is especially the baggage that any investor can bring to the business and, because of its extensive and successful career.

/by

Participation of the Foreigner in a Limited Liability Company in Brazil

Brazil has been a popular destination for foreign investment, and many entrepreneurs are interested in establishing companies in the country. In this context, the following question arises: can a foreigner participate in a company in Brazil?

Yes, a foreigner can participate in a company in Brazil. In this article, we will outline the necessary steps for the constitution or entry of a foreigner as a partner in a limited liability company (LTDA) in Brazil.

  1. Determining the company’s partners and determining the partners’ representatives in Brazil.

First, it is necessary to determine who the company’s partners will be, the capital that will be invested, the activity that will be carried out, the location, among others relevant to the business.

  1. Appointment of a legal representative in Brazil with powers to receive summons on behalf of the foreign partner.

It is necessary (legal obligation) that the foreign partner appoint an individual resident in Brazil, as its legal representative in the country, granting this person powers to receive summons.

This power of representation must:

  • Have the signature of the foreigner recognized in a Brazilian notary; or
  • Be authenticated (by a notary located in another country) and consularized (recognized by a Brazilian consulate in the same country in which it was authenticated).

For both, the power of attorney, must be registered in the registry office of deeds and documents in Brazil and at the board of trade of the state in which the company its filed.

We emphasize that Brazil is a signatory of the Hague Convention, so that, for documents authenticated in other countries that are also signatories, it is enough for the notary to issue the document with the Apostille of the Hague Convention and consularization will not be necessary. However, the other steps mentioned above will continue to be necessary.

  1. Submission, presentation and validation of documents for foreign members.

The personal documents of foreign members must be legalized in the country of origin (similar to a certified copy) and consularized at a Brazilian embassy or consulate located in the country where they are legalized. If the country is also a signatory of the Hague Convention, the same rule as for the power of attorney applies. Then, these documents must be translated by a sworn translator in Brazil and registered in a notary of titles and documents.

  1. Registration of foreign partners with the Federal Revenue.

Foreign partners need to register with the Federal Revenue of Brazil, both as Individuals (CPF) and as Legal Entities (CNPJ). The registration of legal entities will be done through registration at the Central Bank of Brazil, through CADEMP within the system called: SISBACEN.

  1. Determining the initial address of the headquarters and entering into a lease agreement.

The initial address of the company’s headquarters needs to be defined and a lease agreement or another, as the case may be, entered into.

  1. Elaboration and Registration of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation at the Board of Trade.

The first step is to carry out a search and query of the business name at the Board of Trade, in order to ensure that the name chosen for the company is available and can be used. Next, you need to determine the extent of the administrator’s powers. Finally, it is necessary to determine the address and object of the company, that is, where the company will be located and what its field of activity will be.

  1. Hiring an accountant.

Hiring an accountant is mandatory for companies in Brazil. The accountant will be responsible for assisting in the preparation of financial statements, calculation of taxes, among other accounting issues.

  1. Registration of the incorporated company with the Brazilian Revenue Service (Receita Federal) (CNPJ).

After preparing and registering the articles of incorporation with the Board of Trade, it is necessary to register the company with the Brazilian Revenue Service. For this, it is necessary to provide information about the company and, after analyzing the documentation, the Brazilian Revenue Service will issue the CNPJ.

  1. Registration with the Central Bank of Brazil (BACEN).

A registration with the Central Bank of Brazil (BACEN) for a limited liability company is necessary when the company intends to carry out operations involving exchange, such as imports, exports and transfers of funds between Brazil and other countries. Registration of investments between legal entities at BACEN (this operation is carried out by partners when they contribute capital to a company) is done through the System of Registration of Foreign Direct Investment (RDE-IED) and is mandatory for all companies that fall under the activities subject to this regulation.

  1. Opening a bank account – Legal Entity

To open a bank account in the name of the company, it is necessary to have the CNPJ and the articles of incorporation registered within the Board of Trade. In addition, it is important to verify the documents required by the bank, such as a proof of address, and the documents of the company’s legal representative.

  1. Registration of the company with the State Revenue Service (State Registration)

Registration with the State Revenue Service is mandatory for companies that carry out sales of products or services subject to ICMS (similar to IVA). To apply for registration, it is necessary to present the documentation required by the state body, which may vary according to the state in which the company operates.

  1. Company registration with the FGTS and INSS

Registration with the Severance Indemnity Fund (FGTS) and the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) is mandatory for companies that have registered employees.

  1. Municipal Registration

Municipal registration is mandatory for companies that have activities subject to municipal taxation, such as the Tax on Services of Any Nature (ISS). To apply for registration, it is necessary to present the documentation required by the municipal body, which may vary according to the city where the company operates.

  1. Obtaining licenses and permits

Depending on the company’s activity, it may be necessary to obtain licenses and permits from specific bodies, such as:

  • Registration with SISCOMEX/Qualification with RADAR
  • Registration of professional chambers (e.g., CREA, CORCESP)
  • Operating license (inspection of fire safety)
  • Anvisa
  • Environmental Licensing
  • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA)
  • Others

In addition to the legal procedures, foreigners must also be aware of some limitations when it comes to investing in Brazil. For example, there are restrictions in certain sectors such as mining services, hydropower, and telecommunications.

Once regulatory procedures have been overcome, with Brazil’s economic growth, the incorporation of a limited liability company can be an excellent option for foreigners looking to start a business in the country.

Sabrina de Melo

  • Bachelor of Laws from Centro Universitário Padre Anchieta (2022)
  • Attorney at law in the Advisory Department at TM Associados

Leonardo Theon de Moraes

  • Lawyer, graduated in law with emphasis in business law from Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (2012)
  • Registered with the Brazilian Bar Association, São Paulo Section (OAB/SP) (2012)
  • Postgraduate and Specialist in Mergers and Acquisitons and in Business Law from the São Paulo Law School of Fundação Getúlio Vargas (2014)
  • Master in Political and Economic Law from Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (2017)
  • Author of books and articles
  • Lecturer, undergraduate professor, MBA and Executive Education at FIPECAFI
  • Member of the São Paulo Lawyers Association (AASP)
  • Chairman of The State Board of Corporate Law at FEDERAMINAS
  • Founding partner of TM Associados
/by

Sample Letter of Objection to the breakdown of the Contributions to the Union

The Supreme Court was approved, in the 2nd last week 11/09/2023), the legality of the rate of compulsory contribution to charity for the trade unions, which is similar to the old tax of the union.

Thus, it is a constitutional institution that, by agreement or contract, collective bargaining, contributions, and assistance will be enforced for all employees in the category, even though it did not join a trade union, provided that it ensured the right to object.

So, right now, to any one trade union may call a meeting of shareholders each year, regardless of the number of workers, it will be possible to set up to charge a compulsory contribution of social services, both for members of the trade union as well as for non-union members.

In this sense, is not to focus on the discount rate as a compulsory contribution of assistance, if any, established by the union of the class, each employee is expected to explicitly express interest in collaborating with this help of assistance”.

Thus, it follows the template of the opposition at the breakdown of contributions to the trade union is to be used for all of the workers, especially those new to futures and contractors:

Sample letter of objection to the breakdown of the contributions to the union:

[inserir data]

Union [o]

Subject: HELP CONFEDERATIVA/CONTRIBUTION by the UNION of DISCOUNT and COMPULSORY

I [o], holder of license no. [o], regularly registered at the company [o], tax ID no. [o], with registered office at [o]no. [o], neighborhood [o], non-union, MANIFESTO of the OPPOSITION TO payroll deduction FOR PAYMENT of THE CONTRIBUTION CONFEDERATIVA, trade UNIONS, OR in-kind CONTRIBUTIONS ON BEHALF of THIS BODY. I missed that such action is warranted by the applicable legislation, in accordance with the law 13.467, de on July 13, 2017 (art. 579 and art. 611 (A), clause (XXVI).

Best regards,

________________________________

The signature of the employee

/by

The corporate governance committee and the resolution of conflicts among the members of the differences between Limited liability Company

Business societies can be organized under several Corporate types, which gives partners the ability to choose the structure more consistent with their needs and objectives, according to the business model, growth strategies and legal preferences.

In Brazil, the most adopted corporate types are limited companies and corporations. Limited company is a corporate modality in which partners have their responsibility Restricted to the value of their contributions to the capital, protecting their personal heritage from eventual debts of the organization to the limit of their participation. The corporation, in turn, is a type of company in which capital is divided into shares, and the responsibility of shareholders is limited to the price of acquired shares.

In both corporate types pointed out above, Corporate governance plays an essential role for the development, stabilization and management of conflict in business. “Whether in large or small, publicly open or closed societies, with defined control or pulverized capital, either in family societies, or even startups, corporate governance – appropriate to each stage of social development – can be a fundamental instrument for preventing social conflicts ”(1).

Definition and dimensions of corporate governance

According to the Code of Best Practices of the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance (IBGC), corporate governance is “a system made up of principles, rules, structures and processes by which organizations are directed and monitored, with a view to generation of sustainable value for the organization, its partners and for society in general ”(2).

The principles of corporate governance apply to every business organization, constituting the basis on which good governance develops, which are: (i) principle of integrity, which aims at the continued improvement of organizational ethical culture; (ii) principle of transparency, which seeks Provide certain and accurate information on the financial and operational financial health of the business; (iii) principle of equity, performing fair and coherent treatment between partners and other stakeholders, in accordance with their rights, duties and needs; (iv) principle of accountability (liability), which corresponds to the duty of the organization to occupy Consider the social, economic and environmental impacts arising from the exercise of their business activity; and (v) principle of sustainability, which is dedicated to understanding that the protection of the financial viability of the organization is directly related to its interdependence with the economic, social and environmental realities that it is inserted (3).

Corporate governance is structured in agents, organs and the relationship between them. This structuring will be more or less complete depending on the size, the stage of evolution and the nature of the business of society, as well as its corporate type.

The agents – and, as a result, the organs – most involved with corporate operations are: (a) the partners, who make up the General Assembly; (B) Administration counselors and inspectors, which are part of the Board of Directors and the Fiscal Council; (c) the directors, who are the members of the Executive Board; and (d) members of advice advice (4).

The rules of governance, therefore, created by their agents, organize the structures (organs) of the organization, so that, through this set of practices, it seeks to optimize The performance of society as they safeguard the interests of the partners and the stakeholders.

Corporate governance and conflicts of interest between members

The harmony between partners is not only beneficial, but vital to the survival and prosperity of the business organization. Thus, the management and administration structure of society (governance) aims to avoid Or, at least to resolve the conflicts of interest between the partners in the best possible way.

Conflicts between partners are especially present in the dimensions of political and economic rights, which must be exercised in accordance with the legal and statutory guidelines to ensure the perpetrator of the long term society.

Regarding political rights, the ability to influence Strategic decisions and participate in company management are often at the heart of disagreements and controversies in corporate environments.

The right to vote, usually expressed in assemblies and meetings, allows the partners to express themselves about the operational procedures to be implemented in the organization. On the other hand, the power of control – whether it is distributed or concentrated -Refers to the ability to exert a predominant influence on administration, leading the guidelines and strategies to be adopted in society.

The incongruity between the aspirations and visions of the partners on the strategic decisions of society can generate strife. When the control power of society is concentrated, minority partners may feel that their interests are suppressed in social deliberations. In organizations where control is distributed, in turn, even though it is assumed that decisions are made through a more collaborative and inclusive procedure, there is also the possibility of arising decision impact that impact the cohesion of business planning.

Members selection for executive and administrative positions can be presented as a field Confidence for conflict hatching, especially when there are disputes related to the control of management and strategic direction of the company.

In addition, it is the subject of corporate conflicts the exclusion or exercise of the right to withdraw the partner. With regard to the right of withdrawal, disagreements sometimes arise in relation to the assessment and the payment of the partner’s shareholding dissident and the conditions on which the exercise of such right is admitted without impairing the company’s operational continuity.

In turn, the exclusion of the partner – whether judicial or extrajudicial – represents a forced dismissal of one of the partners of society. Beyond the relational differences between the parties, there are financial impacts – since the reduction of the capital of society It can undermine investments in the organization -as well as operational, which can lead to disagreement between the remaining partners in relation to the roles to be assumed and decision -making to allow the continuity of the operation.

Regarding equity rights, they are associated with economic benefits derived from the organization’s operations. Therefore, the distribution of profits, the transfer of quotas or actions and aspects related to business succession, which are themes often marked by corporate controversies.

Profit distribution is a fundamental right of partners. The disputes sometimes originate from disagreement regarding the perception of the value and contribution of each partner to the generation of profits obtained. This conception invariably It is confused with the lack of discernment between the partner and administrator’s roles in the organization, which have different functions and responsibilities. Thus, the disparity in expectations regarding the “correct” ideal fraction of participation in results occurs when there is a lack of well -defined guidelines for the remuneration of administrators and distribution of dividends.

Yet, being Of compensation for the partners, in particular in relation to limited companies, much controversy is installed with regard to the conflict between the concepts of profit x pro-labore, regarding the partner who plays the role of administrator. It is very common that, in the absence of clear rules to determine the amount to be paid due to the work commitment in the exercise of the administration, if Dissatisfaction for non -agreement regarding the criteria set (hours of commitment, productivity, percentage of the results earned, among others).

There are also disagreements between partners regarding the share of profit that will be destined for reserve and reinvestment in the organization itself. There are those who see the need to retain a significant part of profits to ensure growth of society, and others who advocate a more robust distribution of dividends.

Regarding the transfer of corporate participation, entry into society of a new partner, foreign to the operation, can significantly alter the dynamics, culture and management of a society. In this context, concerns arise about dilution of control and eventual changes in business strategies, which can result in significant friction, even threatening the continuity of the business.

Finally, business succession is also a very controversial theme. From the death, interdiction or mease of any partners, the admission of their successors, heirs or ex-spouse may endanger the continuity of management, the preservation of organizational culture and, as a result,, consequently, Sustainability of the company.

The interests of the remaining partners can collide with those of the heirs, successors or former spouses, particularly if the latter do not have a prior involvement or knowledge of the business until the moment of succession.

In this scenario, solid corporate governance is fundamental to ensure that the rights of all partners are respected ( principle of equity ) and that decisions made reflect a equitable perspective of the business.

The governance structure, represented by agents and organs, “must ensure that the organization has clear, effective, implemented and properly disseminated policies and processes” (5) to identify and treat social conflicts. As mentioned above, the most present agents and organs and involved in the organization are:

(A) Members, which makes up the General Assembly:

The partners are committed to ensuring the interests of society and, to this end, must deliberate responsibly on matters elementary to proper organizational functioning. The General Assembly or the Meeting of Partners is the moment when the partners, through the vote, have a voice to express your views and decide substantial questions of the organization.

Thus, the establishment, by means of agreements, of clear policies regarding voting procedures are fundamental to the balance of the business.

(b) Counselors, members of the Board of Directors

Counselors in the Board of Directors ensure that operations and strategies of society are aligned with the interests of the partners and the purposes of corporate integrity. The Board of Directors “must be responsible for determining the strategic objectives, directions and risk profile of the organization, (…) related to its culture and identity” (6).

In view of this, it is paramount that the board of directors promote transparency in the decisions and actions of the company. The clear communication of corporate strategies and results strengthens the confidence between partners and other stakeholders, mitigating the perception of any conflicts of partial interests or management.

(c) Counselors, members of the Fiscal Council

The Fiscal Council has “the responsibility to verify that the organization is in Compliance with its principles and values, reflected in internal policies, procedures and standards, and regulatory laws and devices ” (7). In their supervision work, tax counselors must understand the strategy and risks to form opinion on the financial results and statements presented by the Board of Directors to the members in the Assembly General.

(D) Members of the Advisory Committees

Advisory committees are bodies advising the Board of Directors in the “ Control on the quality of financial statements and internal controls, aiming at the reliability and integrity of information to protect the organization and stakeholders” (8). The most common committees are: (i) audit; (ii) risks; (iii) sustainability; (IV) Ethics and Compliance.

(E) Directors, members of the Executive Board

“The board is the executing body of the end of business activity” (9). The directors are responsible for the implementation of all the company’s operational and financial processes, executing the strategies approved by the Board of Directors.

Furthermore, The contract or bylaws must comply with the purpose of establishing the main rules of operation of the company, with the implementation of solid corporate governance practices, which serve to direct, monitor and encourage the organization, minimizing conflicts and protecting the various stakeholders (10).

Rule differences between limited companies and societies Anonymous

Although often convergent legal structures and instruments, they are in some different aspects of their application to limited societies and corporations, especially in relation to political and economic rights:

Political rights present the following distinctions in relation to voting rights, control, withdrawal and exclusion:

/>/>

Economic rights present the following distinctions in relation to the corporate types in question:

From the above analytical frameworks, the differences of legal rule to the most sensitive subjects to the relationship between quotists/shareholders are evidenced by comparing corporate models of limited and society by action.

Conclusion

In the light of the main challenges faced by the partners, the structural and legal differences between the Limited societies and stock societies, corporate governance, the reason for the peculiarities of each corporate type, will be exercised through their agents and instruments in different ways. The adequacy to the positive and negative normative specificities of each business type is essential to achieve the best effectiveness.

The differences and controversies pointed out throughout this Article may be mitigated or renewed through legal instruments, such as: (i) the formulation of rules and guidelines provided for in the contract or status, which will have about the functioning of society, with the adoption of corporate governance practices; (ii) the celebration of the agreement of quota holders/shareholders; (III) among other measures that can Contribute to the improvement of management, organization and business development.

Regarding conflicts related to political rights, corporate governance agents will have a vast guiding legal structure at their disposal to find solutions to controversies between the partners. Otherwise, in the context of limited societies the framework Legal is limited, often demanding the challenge of establishing conflict resolution criteria at a time contemporary with its confrontation.

Given the nature of the relations between the partners, in limited societies, based on interpersonality, the performance of the Board of Directors, will face, in theory, greater challenge to objectify the controversies and search for solutions based on Data, since the relationship between partners often transcends the simple merchant objective. On the other hand, in stock companies, as a rule, solutions will be more objectively based and will find a greater number of legal provisions at their disposal, since the normative scope provided for in Law no. 6.404/76. It is much broader.

Still in the exercise of political power, the Board of directors facing greater challenges in limited companies, since the proximity with which partners exercise their right to vote is much greater and representative than in corporations. It is important to remember that, in many cases, the constitution of a board of directors in limited companies is relatively recent.

In another context, however, in societies Limited, the Board of Directors, when dealing with a more restricted membership base, has greater ease and agility in decision making, while in corporations, more analytical decisions are often required and based on robust data, due to the need to justify actions and strategies in the face of a wide number of shareholders and regulators.

The nuances mentioned above are also the subject of attention to the members of the Executive Board, in the execution of the organization’s financial and operational procedures. In limited societies, such as the partners themselves may be involved in business management, organization management is closer and personal. Governance is more flexible and execution of strategies are performed with a greater degree of informality, depending on the agreement established between the partners.

On the other hand, in corporations, the board is farther from shareholders and operates with a more rigorous and formalized governance structure. The directors are in charge of managing the company’s operational and strategic aspects, aligning with the vision and direction established by the Board of Directors and the expectations of shareholders.

Regarding economic rights, corporate governance, through its agents and organs, will face challenges in both limited structures and stocks by action. In the first, the controversies will be oriented to the rules and criteria aimed at the distribution of profits (sometimes disproportionately) and pro-labore receipt of the partner Administrator, while in Mondays the challenges are much more associated with the resource allocation rules: percentage of dividends to distribute, allocation in profit reserve accounts, etc.

Regarding the circulation of quotas or actions, either alienation or in business succession, in both corporate types it is common to exist disagreements between partners/shareholders, as it is necessary Establish rules on the right of preference and settlement of corporate interest, which are applicable to each corporate structure.

In short, corporate governance, for its better effectiveness, should be aware of the context, structure and normativity preceding its implementation in a given organization. It is necessary to establish distinct strategic and tactical planning For each organization, taking into consideration its corporate type and the challenges it intends to resolve.

Bibliographic references

(1) GALLO, Giovanna Mazetto. CHIACHIO, Rafaella. The importance of corporate governance in preventing corporate conflicts. December 23, 2022. Available at: https://www.migalhas.com.br/coluna/migalhas-connsensuals/379078/importancia-da-governanca-corporativa-na-prevencao-de-conflitos . Accessed October 3, 2023.

(2) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Code of best corporate governance practices. 6th ed. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 17, 2023.

(3) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Code of best corporate governance practices. 6th ed. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 19, 2023.

(4) SILVA, Edson Cordeiro. Corporate governance in Companies: Practical Guidance for Guidance for Shareholders, Investors, Administration and Fiscal Counselors, Auditors, Executives, Managers, Market Analysts and Researchers. 3rd ed., Sao Paulo, SP. Atlas Publisher, p. 32, 2012.

(5) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Code of best corporate governance practices. 6th ed. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 21, 2023.

(6) Institute Brazilian Corporate Governance – IBGC. Corporate risk management: evolution in governance and strategy. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 26, 2017.

(7) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Corporate risk management: evolution in governance and strategy. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 27, 2017.

(8) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Management of Corporate risks: evolution in governance and strategy. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 28, 2017.

(9) Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance – IBGC. Code of best corporate governance practices. 6th ed. Sao Paulo, SP. IBGC, p. 53, 2023.

(10) ANDRADE, Adriana. ROSSETI, José Paschoal. Corporate governance: foundations, development and trends. Altas Publisher. 7th ed. São Paulo, 2014.

Julia Oliveira Andre Teixeira

Lawyer, law graduate from Faculties Milton Campos (2019), registered with the Brazilian Bar Association, Minas Gerais Section (OAB/MG) (2019). Specialist for the L.LM Business Law Program by IBMEC (2021), MBA in high performance law by PUC Minas (2022), expert on contractual law from the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV-RJ) (2023). Author of articles. Member of the Commission of Corporate Law of the OAB/MG (2022), member of the Center for Studies of Lawyers Companies (CESA), Executive Secretary of the State Council of Commercial Affairs of the Federaminas. Advisory Lawyer of Portugal Vilela Advogados.

Leonardo Theon de Moraes

Lawyer, Graduated in Law, with emphasis on Business Law, from the University Presbyterian Mackenzie (2012), registered with the Brazilian Bar Association, São Paulo Section (OAB/SP) (2012). Post Graduate and Specialist in Business Law from the São Paulo Law School of the Getúlio Vargas Foundation (2014), Master in Political and Economic Law from the Mackenzie Presbyterian University (2017), book and articles author, speaker, undergraduate professor, MBA and Executive Education At FIPECAFI, a member of the São Paulo Lawyers Association (AASP), a member of the International Bar Association Business Law and Fuse Committee, member of the São Paulo Lawyers Association (AASP) and president of the Federaminas State Council of Commercial Law. Founding partner of TM Associados. Founding partner of TM Associados

/by

The alternatives are Legal for the Resolution of Disputes between the Members, with Equal Participation

Não é raro de se observar desacordos e desalinhamentos entre os sócios de uma sociedade, uma vez que a diversidade de pessoas e personalidades, inevitavelmente, leva a uma variedade de opiniões, o que por sua vez pode resultar em divergências quanto ao próprio funcionamento e desenvolvimento do objeto social da sociedade. Especialmente nas sociedades limitadas, em que o affectio societatis é elemento intrínseco, tais desacordos e desalinhamentos podem ocasionar sérias consequências.

Há de se ressaltar, logo inicialmente, que nem todos os conflitos enfrentados pelos sócios são considerados impasses ou, como denomina a doutrina, “deadlock”. Considera-se “deadlock” apenas os conflitos sobre uma diretriz fundamental para a sociedade.

Esse tipo de conflito não pode ser solucionado por meio de acordo entre as partes, uma vez que não é possível obter o quórum necessário para aprovar uma deliberação de extrema importância para a sociedade, o que se torna ainda mais difícil quando a estrutura societária concede uma participação igualitária aos sócios, como por exemplo, uma sociedade limitada com dois sócios, cada um com participação de 50% (cinquenta por cento).

Quando nos deparamos com esses confrontos, em geral, três são as maneiras de resolvê-los: a autotutela, a autocomposição, e a heterocomposição.

Na autotutela as partes empregarão seus próprios recursos para solucionar o conflito. Já na autocomposição as partes, por meios próprios, resolvem o impasse, sem recorrer à aplicação da força e, por fim, na heterocomposição as partes se utilizarão de um (ou mais) terceiros para decidir a questão por elas.

Existem as formas tradicionais de solucionar os impasses, como a mediação, a arbitragem e o ajuizamento de demandas judiciais (Poder Judiciário), sendo essa última, em que pese todas as suas desvantagens, a mais comumente utilizada.

A mediação

A mediação se mostra um recurso eficaz na resolução de disputas, especialmente quando os sócios possuem igualdade de poder (em que cada sócio possui 50% do capital social). Conforme estabelecido na Lei nº 13.140/2015, um mediador auxilia as partes a forjar uma solução consensual para a questão.

O mediador atua de forma imparcial, desempenhando o papel de facilitador na identificação das reais necessidades e interesses das partes. Ele não oferece sugestões de soluções, mas auxilia na construção da resolução e, mais do que isso, busca, também, restaurar a relação entre os sócios. A confidencialidade da mediação é um aspecto relevante, especialmente em casos que envolvem informações confidenciais.

O procedimento de mediação pode ocorrer em uma câmara escolhida de comum acordo pelas partes ou de maneira mais informal, com a escolha de um mediador acordada entre elas. Aqui, é importante ressaltar a confidencialidade da mediação, especialmente em casos que envolvem informações confidenciais.

A arbitragem

A arbitragem é regulada pela Lei nº 9.307/1996 e consiste em transferir a um arbítrio ou tribunal arbitral a responsabilidade de solucionar uma disputa e, diferentemente da mediação, um terceiro assume a responsabilidade pela decisão final. Esse método oferece benefícios como a previsibilidade dos prazos e a impossibilidade de apelação contra a decisão arbitral.

Ademais, as partes podem optar por um árbitro altamente especializado na matéria da controvérsia e, também, é confidencial, o que reduz a exposição dos envolvidos.

Em que pese ser um método que não envolve o Poder Judiciário, caso a decisão arbitral não seja cumprida, deve-se a ele recorrer. A decisão arbitral é considerada título executivo e pode ser, em caso de inadimplemento, executada através dos mecanismos coercitivos que dispõe o Poder Judiciário.

Poder Judiciário

Ao tratar-se de conflitos tem-se que uma das primeiras – e mais utilizadas – possibilidades de solução é o Poder Judiciário, por meio do qual a decisão cabe ao Estado-Juiz.

A utilização do Poder Judiciário é garantida pelo princípio da inafastabilidade do controle jurisdicional, consagrado no art. 5º, XXXV, da CFB/88[1], porém, diante especialmente de sua morosidade, a utilização do Poder Público pode não ser a alternativa mais eficaz.

Além dos métodos tradicionais, antes mencionados, existem alternativas contratuais para solucionar os impasses entre os sócios, as chamadas “cláusulas de impasse”, mais comumente conhecidas como “deadlock provisions”. São mecanismos para solucionar possíveis impasses e conflitos entre os sócios e a essência dessas cláusulas reside em seu caráter contratual, sendo que apenas são acionadas se as partes envolvidas optarem por incluí-las no contrato ou estatuto social. Não são impostas por regulamentação legal, mas derivam da livre vontade das partes contratantes.

Neste contexto, o princípio jurídico do “pacta sunt servanda” assume importância fundamental. Ele estipula que o que as partes acordaram deve ser cumprido, desde que não viole as leis ou o sistema jurídico vigente. Em outras palavras, as partes têm a liberdade de estabelecer regras e procedimentos para lidar com impasses e conflitos, contanto que essas disposições estejam em conformidade com as leis existentes.

As cláusulas de impasse podem assumir uma variedade ampla de formas e procedimentos, geralmente sendo adaptadas para atender às necessidades e características específicas de cada sociedade e das partes envolvidas. Alguns exemplos de disposições de impasse são:

Cláusulas escalonadas

As cláusulas chamadas de cláusulas escalonadas, também conhecidas como cláusulas “med-arb”, estipulam a resolução de conflitos inicialmente por meio de um processo autocompositivo, como a mediação. Caso as partes não alcancem um acordo consensual, têm a opção de submeter a controvérsia a um terceiro, seja um árbitro ou o sistema judiciário, que decidirá o caso de maneira final, substituindo-as.

Voto de Qualidade

Prevê a atribuição a um membro do conselho de administração ou da assembleia de sócios com um “voto de qualidade”, que geralmente é designado ao presidente (que pode ser um membro independente ou um cargo rotativo entre os próprios sócios, com o intuito de assegurar imparcialidade e equidade nas decisões) do conselho e/ou assembleia e torna-se decisivo na situação de empate ou desacordo entre os sócios

Essa função crucial possibilita a resolução imediata de situações em que as partes não conseguem alcançar um consenso, impedindo assim a paralisação das operações e garantindo que as decisões continuem a ser tomadas de maneira ininterrupta.

Cláusula Shotgun

Cláusulas Shotgun referem-se àquelas que estipulam que, ao se constatar um “gatilho” (como a ocorrência de um impasse societário), uma das partes tem o direito de adquirir a participação societária da outra parte. Esta última é obrigada a vender suas ações ou quotas para a parte ofertante, ou então comprar as ações ou quotas desta.

Ao retirar um dos sócios, o conflito de interesses, que se caracteriza pela pretensão resistida, é resolvido de maneira direta e eficaz. Isso porque nos casos em que a resolução amigável é inviável e o impasse societário é tão significativo a ponto de ameaçar a continuidade da sociedade e de suas operações, a saída de um dos sócios pode ser a solução mais eficiente e rápida.

Como a parte que aciona a cláusula pode eventualmente comprar ou vender a participação societária, há um incentivo para que se estabeleça um preço justo pelas ações ou quotas – o que promove resultados mais equitativos, sem os custos administrativos e a demora associados a outros métodos de resolução de conflitos societários.

Assim, a Cláusula Shotgun, em regra, possui o seguinte funcionamento:

1) Notificação: com a configuração do impasse, uma das partes envia uma notificação à outra para adquirir ou vender sua participação por um valor determinado. A parte que notificante apresenta as condições que considera viáveis para a concretização do acordo, concedendo um prazo para que a parte notificada decida se irá comprar a participação da notificante ou vender a sua, conforme as condições propostas; e

2) Resposta à Notificação: Por sua vez, a parte notificante terá a prerrogativa de escolher se deseja se retirar da sociedade, vendendo sua participação à parte ofertante, ou se prefere permanecer, adquirindo a participação da parte notificante.

É crucial que o acordo de sócios contemple a interpretação do silêncio por parte da notificada, bem como outras condições da notificação, como o prazo para resposta, o método de pagamento e a determinação do critério para a apuração de haveres, entre outras que as partes julguem pertinentes, levando em conta a natureza específica da relação entre elas.

Sabrina de Melo – Advogada do Departamento Consultivo no TM Associados, graduada em Direito pela Universidade Padre Anchieta (2022), inscrita na Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Secção de São Paulo (OAB/SP). Pós-Graduanda em Direito Civil pela PUC-MG.

Leonardo Theon de Moraes – Advogado, graduado em direito, com ênfase em direito empresarial, pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (2012), inscrito na Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção São Paulo (OAB/SP) (2012). Pós- graduado e Especialista em Direito Empresarial pela Escola de Direito de São Paulo da Fundação Getúlio Vargas (2014), Mestre em Direito Político e Econômico pela Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (2017), autor de livros e artigos, palestrante, professor na graduação, MBA e Educação Executiva na FIPECAFI, membro da Associação dos Advogados de São Paulo (AASP), membro do Comitê de Direito Empresarial e de Fusões e Aquisições da International Bar Association, Membro da Associação dos Advogados de São Paulo (AASP) e Presidente do Conselho Estadual de Assuntos de Direito Comercial da FEDERAMINAS. Sócio fundador da TM Associados. Sócio fundador do TM Associados.

[1] “A lei não excluirá da apreciação do Poder Judiciário lesão ou ameaça a direito”

/by

The Use of Screen Shots as Evidence in the proceedings

Atualmente as redes sociais em geral e, principalmente, o WhatsApp fazem parte do dia a dia da maioria dos brasileiros, sendo que a qualquer momento podemos tirar uma captura de tela (“print”) e guardar qualquer informação.

A utilização tão frequente dos meios de comunicação online e imediatos, trouxe a possibilidade de produção de provas através dos aplicativos de comunicação, como por exemplo, provas da ocorrência de um golpe em compra de mercadoria, descumprimento de acordos realizados informalmente, ocorrência de danos materiais ou morais e, até mesmo, confissões de práticas ilícitas.

O Código de Processo Civil, vigente no Brasil, traz em seu artigo 369 a disposição acerca da produção de provas processuais:

“Art. 369. As partes têm o direito de empregar todos os meios legais, bem como os moralmente legítimos, ainda que não especificados neste Código, para provar a verdade dos fatos em que se funda o pedido ou a defesa e influir eficazmente na convicção do juiz.”

 

Ou seja, as partes de um processo podem provar o que alegam da forma que quiserem, desde que dentro da lei. Neste passo, seria possível deduzir que a produção de prova através de “print” de WhatsApp é válida na esfera judicial.

Contudo, em decisão recente, a 6ª Turma do Superior Tribunal de Justiça entendeu pela invalidade de prova obtida por “print” de WhatsApp, tendo em vista que o aplicativo disponibiliza ferramentas capazes de alterar a verdade dos fatos, como, por exemplo, a oportunidade de apagar ou, até mesmo, editar uma mensagem já enviada, vejamos:

“Esta Sexta Turma entende que é invalida a prova obtida pelo WhatsApp Web, pois “é possível, com total liberdade, o envio de novas mensagens e a exclusão de mensagens antigas (registradas antes do emparelhamento) ou recentes (registradas após), tenham elas sido enviadas pelo usuário, tenham elas sido recebidas de algum contato. Eventual exclusão de mensagem enviada (na opção “Apagar somente para Mim”) ou de mensagem recebida (em qualquer caso) não deixa absolutamente nenhum vestígio, seja no aplicativo, seja no computador emparelhado, e, por conseguinte, não pode jamais ser recuperada para efeitos de prova em processo penal, tendo em vista que a própria empresa disponibilizadora do serviço, em razão da tecnologia de encriptação ponta a ponta, não armazena em nenhum servidor o conteúdo das conversas dos usuários” (RHC 99.735/SC, Rel. Ministra LAURITA VAZ, SEXTA TURMA, julgado em 27/11/2018, DJe 12/12/2018). 4. Agravo regimental parcialmente provido, para declarar nulas as mensagens obtidas por meio do print screen da tela da ferramenta WhatsApp Web, determinando-se o desentranhamento delas dos autos, mantendo-se as demais provas produzidas após as diligências prévias da polícia realizadas em razão da notícia anônima dos crimes.” (STJ – AgRg no RHC: 133430 PE 2020/0217582-8, Relator: Ministro NEFI CORDEIRO, Data de Julgamento: 23/02/2021, T6 – SEXTA TURMA, Data de Publicação: DJe 26/02/2021).

 

Apesar de a decisão ter sido prolatada em processo criminal, o entendimento vem sendo utilizado pelos Magistrados das varas cíveis para invalidar provas obtidas através de “print” de WhatsApp:

“Para a configuração da ilegitimidade ativa na Ação de Execução de Título Extrajudicial, é necessária a prova inequívoca de que o exequente não é o credor de direito – Em recente julgado do STJ (AgRg no RHC 133.430), foi firmado entendimento de que meros prints de tela de WhatsApp não se prestam como meio de prova – Tendo sido o contrato, utilizado como título exequendo, firmado entre as partes que compõem a lide, não há que se falar em ilegitimidade ativa -Nos termos do art. 784, do CPC, é título executivo extrajudicial, dentre outros, “o documento particular assinado pelo devedor e por 2 (duas) testemunhas” – O Superior Tribunal de Justiça vem formando entendimento de que nos casos em que houver comprovação do negócio jurídico firmado entre as partes por meios idôneos, como a confirmação da realização da avença pelas partes, o requisito de duas testemunhas assinando o contrato é mitigável no que se refere à formação do título exequendo ( AgInt no REsp 1.870.540/MT) – Nos termos do art. 360, I, do CC/2002, a novação ocorre “quando o devedor contrai com o credor nova dívida para extinguir e substituir a anterior”. Assim, não havendo comprovação de que as notas promissórias alegadamente emitidas pelo embargante se prestaram a novação da dívida com o exequente, não deve haver reconhecimento da existência de novação.”

(TJ-MG – AC: 10074170061910001 Bom Despacho, Relator: José Eustáquio Lucas Pereira, Data de Julgamento: 28/09/2021, Câmaras Cíveis / 18ª CÂMARA CÍVEL, Data de Publicação: 28/09/2021).

 

Ainda, além da utilização do entendimento do STJ, os Tribunais vêm expondo seus próprios entendimentos acerca do tema:

“Ação de indenização. Dano moral. Recebimento de mensagem por aplicativo. Ausência de prova da origem das mensagens. Prints juntados desacompanhado de ata notarial. Aplicação do artigo 384 do CPC. Alegação de ato indevido praticado por preposto da ré quando da aplicação de injeção. Ausência de provas sobre o alegado. Improcedência da ação. Recurso da autora improvido.”

(TJ-SP – AC: 10001535320188260012 SP 1000153-53.2018.8.26.0012, Relator: Ruy Coppola, Data de Julgamento: 27/11/2019, 32ª Câmara de Direito Privado, Data de Publicação: 27/11/2019).

“Apelação cível. Consórcio. Promessa de contemplação. Não comprovação. Conversas por aplicativos de mensagem eletrônica. Whatsapp. Único meio de prova. Impossibilidade. Responsabilidade afastada. Recurso provido. A utilização de prints de mensagens eletrônicas pelo aplicativo Whatsapp não pode ser admitida como único meio de prova, dada a possibilidade de edição da conversa, mediante a possibilidade de exclusão de mensagens, sem que possa ser recuperada para fins de realização de perícia. Não demonstrada a prova de que a parte autora foi induzida em erro, quando da assinatura do contrato de participação ao grupo de consórcio ou que houve promessa de contemplação, é impossível a responsabilização civil por danos materiais e morais.”

(TJ-RO – AC:70336341220198220001 RO 7033634-12.2019.822.0001, Data de Julgamento: 30/09/2021).

Analisando o entendimento das Cortes, devemos nos munir de todos os tipos de provas possíveis, sendo que, o ideal é que o fato alegado possa ser comprovado através de diversos meios de prova como um contrato formal assinado, troca de e-mails ou, até mesmo, prova testemunhal.

Caso existam apenas provas produzidas através de conversa de WhatsApp, a orientação seria a elaboração de Ata Notarial em Cartório assinada pelo Tabelião, visto que este tem fé pública e irá dar validade às conversas realizadas através dos meios de comunicação online[Ld1] .

Ainda, existem novas ferramentas digitais, como os sites https://www.verifact.com.br/  e https://originalmy.com/, que realizam a validação de prints de conversas de WhatsApp de maneira simples e mais econômica.

Os Tribunais estão cada dia mais abertos a utilização de sites e programas de inteligência artificial, o que pode facilitar a continuidade da utilização de prints como documento probatório em eventual demanda judicial, portanto, sempre procure orientação jurídica para dar validade aos prints antes de incluí-los em um processo.

Giovanna Pedroni Collini

Advogada, graduada em direito pelo Centro Universitário Padre Anchieta (2022), Pós-graduanda em Direito Processual Civil pela PUC-MG, Inscrita na Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Secção São Paulo (OAB/SP) (2022). Advogada do Departamento Contencioso e Trabalhista no TM Associados.

/by

Business law and the updating of the Code of Civil

Em setembro/23, por iniciativa do presidente do Senado Federal, Rodrigo Pacheco, foi criada a Comissão de Juristas responsável pela revisão e atualização do Código Civil, presidida pelo ministro do STJ, Luis Felipe Salomão.

A Comissão de Juristas concluiu em 5/4/241 a análise do relatório final, que foi apresentado ao Plenário do Senado Federal em 17/4/242. A partir de agora, os senadores analisarão a proposta enviada pela Comissão de Juristas, que será protocolada como projeto de lei pelo Presidente do Senado Federal.

Para a atualização dos aspectos envolvendo o Direito Empresarial, foi constituída a subcomissão de Direito Empresarial, que buscou promover ajustes na disciplina e na interpretação de negócios empresariais, com reforço da autonomia privada, levando em consideração aspectos que são próprios desses negócios, com busca da segurança jurídica e maior previsibilidade, adotando as teses que são consolidadas pelo STJ para sedimentar entendimentos da Corte Superior.

Dentre as sugestões de inovações e atualizações propostas no relatório final3, vale citar a criação de um artigo que traz princípios próprios do direito empresarial, inserido no art. 966-A, que assim dispõe:

“Art. 966-A. As disposições deste livro devem ser interpretadas e aplicadas visando ao estímulo do empreendedorismo e ao incremento de um ambiente favorável ao desenvolvimento dos negócios no país, observados os seguintes princípios:

  1. da liberdade de iniciativa e da valorização e aperfeiçoamento do capital humano;
  2. da liberdade de organização da atividade empresarial, nos termos da lei;
  3. da autonomia privada, que somente será afastada se houver violação de normas legais de ordem pública;
  4. da autonomia patrimonial, das pessoas jurídicas, conforme seu tipo societário;
  5. da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios, conforme o tipo societário adotado, nos termos legais
  6. da deliberação majoritária do capital social, salvo se o contrário for previsto no contrato social;
  7. da força obrigatória das convenções, desde que não violem normas de ordem pública.
  8. da preservação da empresa, de sua função social e de estímulo à atividade econômica;
  9. da observância dos usos, práticas e costumes quando a lei e os interessados se refiram a eles ou em situações não reguladas legalmente, sempre que não sejam contrários ao direito;
  10. da simplicidade instrumentalidade das formas.”

Nessa mesma linha, criou-se a previsão de regras específicas para os contratos empresariais, além de regras próprias de interpretação, em harmonia com os princípios transcritos acima, conforme previsão do art. 421-C:

“Art. 421-C. Os contratos civis e empresariais presumem-se paritários e simétricos, se não houver elementos concretos que justifiquem o afastamento desta presunção, e assim interpretam-se pelas regras deste Código, ressalvados os regimes jurídicos previstos em leis especiais.

Parágrafo único. Para sua interpretação, os contratos empresariais exigem os seguintes parâmetros adicionais de consideração e análise:

  1. os tipos contratuais que são naturalmente díspares ou assimétricos, próprios de algumas relações empresariais, devem receber o tratamento específico que consta de leis especiais, assim como os contratos que decorram da incidência e da funcionalidade de cláusulas gerais próprias de suas modalidades;
  2. a boa-fé empresarial mede-se, também, pela expectativa comum que os agentes do setor econômico de atividade dos contratantes têm, quanto à natureza do negócio celebrado e quanto ao comportamento leal esperado de cada parte;
  3. na falta de redação específica de cláusulas necessárias à execução do contrato, o juiz valer-se-á dos usos e dos costumes do lugar de sua celebração e do modo comum adotado pelos empresários para a celebração e para a execução daquele específico tipo contratual;
  4. são lícitas em geral as cláusulas de não concorrência pós-contratual, desde que não violem a ordem econômica e sejam coerentemente limitadas no espaço e no tempo, por razoáveis e fundadas cláusulas contratuais;
  5. a atipicidade natural dos contratos empresariais;
  6. o sigilo empresarial deve ser preservado.”

Como se nota, há uma clara intenção de reforçar, mediante previsão expressa e específica, a necessidade de respeito do princípio da autonomia privada nas relações empresariais, que consiste no poder reconhecido pela ordem jurídica aos particulares para dispor acerca dos seus interesses, notadamente os econômicos (autonomia negocial), realizando livremente negócios jurídicos e determinando os respectivos efeitos (PRATA, Ana. A tutela constitucional da autonomia privada. Coimbra: Almedina, 1982, p. 11)4.

A autonomia privada, embora modernamente tenha cedido espaço para outros princípios (como a boa-fé e a função social do contrato), apresenta-se, ainda, como a pedra angular do sistema de direito privado, especialmente no plano do Direito Empresarial.

O seu pressuposto imediato é a liberdade como valor jurídico. Mediatamente, o personalismo ético aparece também como fundamento, com a concepção de que o indivíduo é o centro do ordenamento jurídico e de que sua vontade, livremente manifestada, deve ser resguardada como instrumento de realização de justiça (AMARAL NETO, op. cit. p. 17).

O princípio concretiza-se, fundamentalmente, no direito contratual, através de uma tríplice dimensão: a liberdade contratual, a força obrigatória dos pactos e a relatividade dos contratos.

A liberdade contratual representa o poder conferido às partes de escolher o negócio a ser celebrado, com quem contratar e o conteúdo das cláusulas contratuais. É a ampla faixa de autonomia conferida pelo ordenamento jurídico à manifestação de vontade dos contratantes.

Já a força obrigatória dos contratos é o contraponto da liberdade contratual. Se o agente é livre para realizar qualquer negócio jurídico dentro da vida civil, deve ser responsável pelos atos praticados, pois os contratos são celebrados para serem cumpridos (pacta sunt servanda).

O controle judicial sobre as cláusulas em contratos empresariais é mais restrito do que em outros setores do Direito Privado, pois as negociações são entabuladas entre profissionais da área empresarial, observando regras costumeiramente seguidas pelos integrantes desse setor da economia.

Esse é o entendimento consolidado que tem sido adotado de forma reiterada pelos Tribunais Estaduais e pelo STJ, o qual também é consenso na doutrina sobre o tema, de modo que é louvável a intenção da Comissão de Juristas de reforçar tais pontos, por meio da previsão expressa dessas questões no Código Civil, em busca de alcançar maior segurança e previsibilidade nas relações empresariais.

Por fim, apenas a título informativo, o anteprojeto de alteração do Código Civil também alterou os regramentos de empresas estrangerias com operação em solo nacional, exigindo que tenham sede e representante legal no Brasil para o seu regular funcionamento.

O Conselho Estadual de Direito Comercial da FEDERAMINAS seguirá acompanhando o trâmite legislativo envolvendo a reforma do Código Civil, no que diz respeito ao Direito Empresarial, visando manter as Associações Comerciais e Empresariais do Estado de Minas Gerais informadas e atualizadas sobre o tema.

———————–

1 Disponível em: https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/audios/2024/04/comissao-de-juristas-para-revisao-do-codigo-civil-conclui-relatorio-final

2 https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/audios/2024/04/anteprojeto-do-novo-codigo-civil-e-apresentado-em-plenario

3 https://legis.senado.leg.br/comissoes/comissao?codcol=2630

4 AgInt nos EDcl no REsp n. 1.902.149/DF, relator Ministro Paulo de Tarso Sanseverino, Terceira Turma, julgado em 3/4/2023, DJe de 27/4/2023.

/by

Heritage in the digital world

Introdução

A população mundial encontra-se cada vez mais inserida em um contexto tecnológico, no qual muitas das operações e atividades anteriormente realizadas exclusivamente de forma presencial, agora são realizadas de forma online.

Seguindo o embalo dessas mudanças e reformas, foram criados diversos criptoativos (moedas virtuais), sendo a mais famosa delas o Bitcoin, que já é utilizado em diversas operações empresariais, cabendo destacar que, em 2021, o governo de El Salvador aprovou uma lei tornando a referida moeda como oficial do país, junto ao dólar norte-americano, e em abril de 2022, a República Centro-Africana, no mesmo sentido, também adotou o Bitcoin como moeda legal ao lado do franco CFA.

Além dos criptoativos, há outros diversos bens digitais que possuem um valor financeiro. Como exemplo, cita-se as milhas aéreas, ebooks (livros digitais) e redes sociais dos influenciadores digitais, com milhões de seguidores, por meio da qual é possível faturar uma alta quantia diária com publicidades.

Outro interessante exemplo trata-se do jogo Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, no qual um visual especial da metralhadora AK-47 – apenas contextualizando, o referido jogo é de tiro – foi vendido por U$400.000,001.

Todavia, não é sempre que esses bens digitais possuem um valor econômico. As contas de redes sociais de pessoas não famosas, com poucos seguidores, em que pese conter diversas fotografias e recordações – que, com certeza, possuem um valor ao seu titular – não possuem valor econômico.

Nesse cenário, uma pergunta que atualmente é muito feita: o que acontece com estes bens digitais quando há o falecimento de seu titular?

Cabe ao Direito acompanhar essas evoluções e tentar dar uma resposta aos problemas que vão surgindo.

Direito sucessório

O Direito sucessório trata-se de um complexo de princípios e regras jurídicas que disciplinam a transferência do patrimônio de uma pessoa natural, sejam ativos ou passivos, para depois da morte, em virtude da lei ou testamento.

Oliveira e Amorim (2018, p. 37), definem que “Sucessão é o ato ou o efeito de suceder. Tem o sentido de substituição de pessoas ou coisas, transmissão de direitos, encargos ou bens, numa relação jurídica de continuidade”.

Dentro da sucessão, há a figura da sucessão legítima, que se refere à transferência causa mortis concedida às pessoas designadas na legislação como herdeiros necessários do autor da herança, identificados por meio da denominada ordem de vocação hereditária ou por regras específicas de indicação de sucessores. São esses indivíduos que serão convocados para adquirir a herança, seja na ausência uns dos outros ou em situações de concorrência entre eles.

O Código Civil Brasileiro adota como critério os laços familiares, consanguíneos (filiação biológica) ou cíveis (adoção), e o vínculo decorrente do casamento ou da união estável.

A sucessão legítima pode compreender a totalidade do acervo hereditário, ou restringir à parte não compreendida pelo testamento. Pode a pessoa natural, durante a sua vida, apenas dispor da parte disponível de seus bens, correspondentes a 50% do total de seu patrimônio (percentual este que será auferido apenas quando de sua morte). Nesse interim, Maria Berenice Dias ensina (2021, p. 153-154):

O titular do patrimônio não pode dispor livremente de todos os seus bens, nem durante sua vida, nem para depois de sua morte. Só pode doar o que pode dispor por testamento (CC 549). Assim, ainda que seja plenamente capaz, não é absoluta a liberdade de quem tem herdeiros necessários. A lei escolhe determinadas pessoas que necessariamente irão receber parte do patrimônio: descentes, ascendentes e cônjuge. São os chamados herdeiros necessários. A eles é destinada a metade da herança. A sucessão legítima impõe a transferência de metade do patrimônio a quem a lei elege como herdeiro. Somente a outra metade é disponível, tendo o seu titular a liberdade de destiná-la a seu bel-prazer. Pode doar enquanto for vivo ou, por meio de testamento, pode deixar a quem lhe aprouver toda a metade disponível, uma fração dela, ou bens determinados (CC 1.786). Os herdeiros testamentários recebem uma cota-parte da herança e os legatários, bens identificados.

A figura do testamento também se trata de uma última manifestação de vontade de uma pessoa, na qual o falecido dispõe, para depois da morte, em todo ou uma parte de seus bens para terceiros.

Há diversos requisitos e formalidades legais para a elaboração de um testamento, que devem ser estritamente respeitados para ser considerado válido, sob pena de nulidade.

O Código Civil Brasileiro prevê três formas ordinárias de testamento:

  • Público: deve ser escrito por tabelião ou por seu substituto legal em seu livro de notas, de acordo com as declarações do testador. Após lavrado o instrumento, esse deve ser lido em voz alta pelo tabelião ao testador e duas testemunhas, a um só tempo; ou pelo testador, se o quiser, na presença destas e do oficial e assinado por todos;
  • Cerrado: deve ser escrito pelo testador, ou por outra pessoa, a seu rogo, e por aquele assinado, deverá ser validado pelo tabelião ou seu substituto legal, devendo o testador o entregar ao tabelião em presença de duas testemunhas, declarar que aquele é o seu testamento e quer que seja aprovado e o tabelião deverá lavrar, desde logo, o auto de aprovação, na presença das testemunhas, e o ler, em seguida, ao testador e testemunhas. Após isso, o auto de aprovação deve ser assinado por todos.
  • Particular: pode ser escrito de próprio punho ou mediante processo mecânico, sendo que, se escrito de próprio punho, deve ser lido e assinado por quem o escreveu, na presença de pelo menos três testemunhas, que o devem subscrever. Se elaborado de forma mecânica, não pode conter rasuras ou espaços em branco, devendo ser assinado pelo testador, depois de o ter lido na presença de pelo menos três testemunhas, que o subscreverão. Na morte do testador, publicar-se-á em juízo o testamento, com citação dos herdeiros legítimos.

Frisa-se que o STJ possui o entendimento que o autor da herança tem o direito de organizar e estruturar a sucessão, de forma que a parte indisponível do patrimônio, que cabe aos herdeiros necessários, pode constar em testamento, desde que isso não implique privação ou redução da parcela a eles destinada por lei, que, nos termos do art. 1.789 do Código Civil, deve ser ao menos de metade do patrimônio.

Desse modo, percebe-se que a sucessão não se trata somente de uma transferência da propriedade, mas também uma continuidade das relações humanas, que sobrevivem e seguem através do direito de herdeiros.

Herança digital

Feitas tais considerações sobre o direito sucessório no capítulo anterior, percebe-se que os bens digitais, por serem parte do patrimônio de uma pessoa natural, também abrangem acervo patrimonial a ser partilhado e devem ser transferidos para seus herdeiros no momento da sucessão.

Conforme bem pontuado pelo professor e doutrinador, Bruno Zampier na obra “Bens Digitais” (2017, p. 124):

“A solução mais acertada, em respeito aos direitos fundamentais e aos cânones do direito sucessório, é permitir que haja transmissão de seu patrimônio digital aos herdeiros, seja pela via testamentária ou legítima. Para tanto, há que se ter o cuidado de arrolar tais bens nos inventários que forem abertos, permitindo-se que o Estado chancele tal transmissibilidade”.

No entanto, autorizar a transferência desses bens digitais quando possuem informações pessoais, como as redes sociais, incluindo aspectos da vida privada de seu titular, pode implicar na violação dos direitos da personalidade. Esses direitos são protegidos constitucionalmente, tanto para o titular desses bens quanto para terceiros.

Para suprir essa lacuna legislativa existente não apenas no Brasil, mas, também, no exterior, as plataformas digitais têm inserido, em seus termos de uso, o caminho a ser trilhado na hipótese de falecimento de seus usuários, oferecendo a possibilidade de tais usuários, previamente, determinar o destino de sua conta em caso de morte.2

Entretanto, tais regulamentos são passíveis de questionamento e têm alcance limitado. Como exemplo, o programa de milhas aéreas da Gol Linhas Aéreas e Smiles, veda, expressamente, em seu termo de uso, a sucessão por herança. Todavia, essa cláusula é incompatível com o CDC, por implicar a extinção de um ativo digital de caráter patrimonial, violando, portanto, o princípio da boa-fé objetiva3.

Para além desses regulamentos, conforme lição de Natália Chaves:

“o próprio titular dos bens digitais sobre os quais pairam a dúvida da transmissibilidade poderá deixar, em vida, a sua manifestação de vontade acerca da destinação de tais bens, hipótese em que sua vontade deverá ser respeitada, observados os parâmetros legais. Uma vez fixados os contornos dos bens digitais passíveis de transmissão causa mortis, constituindo a chamada herança digital, ainda há desafios adicionais, ligados à avaliação desses bens e à consequente tributação em caso de morte.”

Diante da ausência de legislação específica e diversas peculiaridades que envolvem o acervo hereditário digital, é importante a análise caso a caso, e, principalmente, se houver declaração de vontade, ainda em vida, do titular do bem digital.

Legislação internacional e comparativa

Como dito, a questão da herança digital não é exclusiva de um único país, mas sim um desafio global que requer abordagens legais abrangentes e adaptáveis. Em todo o mundo, legisladores e especialistas jurídicos estão buscando maneiras de lidar com a transferência de bens digitais após o falecimento do titular.

Em países como os Estados Unidos e alguns países europeus, como o Reino Unido e a França, foram propostas e, em alguns casos, implementadas legislações específicas para abordar a herança digital. Essas leis visam definir claramente os direitos dos herdeiros em relação aos bens digitais e estabelecer procedimentos para sua transferência e gestão adequadas4.

Por exemplo, nos Estados Unidos, alguns estados promulgaram leis que permitem que os usuários designem um “executor digital” em seus testamentos para lidar com suas contas online após a morte. Esses executores têm autoridade legal para acessar e gerenciar as contas digitais do falecido de acordo com suas instruções.

No entanto, apesar dos avanços em alguns países, ainda há uma falta de harmonização e consistência nas leis de herança digital em todo o mundo. Isso pode criar desafios para indivíduos e famílias com bens digitais em jurisdições diferentes.

Além disso, em muitos países em desenvolvimento e emergentes, a legislação específica sobre herança digital ainda está em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento. Isso pode resultar em incerteza jurídica e dificuldades práticas para os herdeiros ao lidar com bens digitais em casos de sucessão.

Diante disso, é essencial que os legisladores continuem a monitorar e responder às mudanças no ambiente digital, desenvolvendo leis e regulamentos atualizados e adaptáveis que protejam os direitos dos indivíduos e garantam uma transição suave e justa dos bens digitais após o falecimento do titular. Uma cooperação internacional e compartilhamento de melhores práticas também são fundamentais para enfrentar os desafios globais apresentados pela herança digital.

Conclusão

Por tudo aqui exposto, todo bem digital de caráter exclusivamente patrimonial deve ser transferido para os sucessores após o falecimento de seu titular. No caso dos bens digitais não patrimoniais, esses não devem ser transferidos para os seus familiares no momento da morte, com exceção de expressa manifestação do titular ainda em vida.

Todavia, excepcionalmente, deve ser possível o acesso a estes bens, quando houver uma justa causa, que deve ser avaliado individualmente pelo Poder Judiciário, para tentar, da melhor forma possível, conciliar os interesses em jogo5.

Além das questões legais e procedimentais envolvendo a herança digital, é importante considerar os aspectos éticos e humanos relacionados aos bens digitais. Como mencionado, os bens digitais podem conter não apenas valor patrimonial, mas também memórias, relacionamentos e identidade pessoal do falecido. Portanto, ao lidar com a transferência e gestão desses ativos, é fundamental garantir que os interesses e desejos do titular sejam respeitados. A possibilidade de acesso a bens digitais não patrimoniais, sob circunstâncias excepcionais e mediante avaliação judicial, visa equilibrar os direitos dos herdeiros com o respeito à privacidade e dignidade do falecido, através do acesso sensível, reconhecendo não apenas seu valor financeiro, mas também seu significado emocional e pessoal para aqueles que deixamos para trás.

————————

1 GUGELMIAN, Felipe. Skin de Counter-Strike: Global Offensive é vendida por US$ 400 mil. Adrenaline, 2023. Disponível em:  https://www.adrenaline.com.br/games/skin-de-counter-strike-global-offensive-e-vendida-por-us-400-mil/. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2024

2 CHAVES, Natália. Herança digital no Brasil: desafios jurídicos e perspectivas. In: CANSIAN, Adriana; MIELE, Aluísio; CINTRA, Caio; COLOMBO, Cristiano; CABELLA, Daniela; ARAÚJO, Débora; MONTE-SERRAT, DIONÉIA; PIMENTA, Eduardo; CANO, Flávia; JALLAIS, Gabriel; LIMA, Gabriel; FERRARI, Giovanni; FALEIROS JÚNIOR, José Luiz (org.); CAMARGO, Júlia (org.); ROCHA, Lucas; SOUZA, Maique; MATTIUZZO, Marcela; MILAGRES, Marcelo; CHAVES, Natália; LIMA, Pedro Henrique; QUINELATO, Pietra; QUEIROZ, Renata; CALAZA, Tales; HAYASHI, Victor; MARQUES, Vivian; ENGELMANN, Wilson; CARVALHO, CARAVALHO, Anne Isabelle; NOGUEIRA, Michele (org.); PARENTONI, Leonardo (org.). DIREITO, TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO vol. 5 Internet das Coisas (IoT). 1. ed. Centro de Pesquisa em Direito, Tecnologia e Inovação – Centro DTIBR. 2023. p. 337

3 ZAMPIER, Bruno. Bens Digitais – cybercultura, redes sociais, e-mails, músicas, livros, milhas aéreas, moedas virtuais. 1. ed. Indaiatuba. Editora Foco Jurídico. 2017. p.124-125.

4 CHAVES, Natália. Herança digital no Brasil: desafios jurídicos e perspectivas. In: CANSIAN, Adriana; MIELE, Aluísio; CINTRA, Caio; COLOMBO, Cristiano; CABELLA, Daniela; ARAÚJO, Débora; MONTE-SERRAT, DIONÉIA; PIMENTA, Eduardo; CANO, Flávia; JALLAIS, Gabriel; LIMA, Gabriel; FERRARI, Giovanni; FALEIROS JÚNIOR, José Luiz (org.); CAMARGO, Júlia (org.); ROCHA, Lucas; SOUZA, Maique; MATTIUZZO, Marcela; MILAGRES, Marcelo; CHAVES, Natália; LIMA, Pedro Henrique; QUINELATO, Pietra; QUEIROZ, Renata; CALAZA, Tales; HAYASHI, Victor; MARQUES, Vivian; ENGELMANN, Wilson; CARVALHO, CARAVALHO, Anne Isabelle; NOGUEIRA, Michele (org.); PARENTONI, Leonardo (org.). DIREITO, TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO vol. 5 Internet das Coisas (IoT). 1. ed. Centro de Pesquisa em Direito, Tecnologia e Inovação – Centro DTIBR. 2023.

5 ZAMPIER, Bruno. Bens Digitais – cybercultura, redes sociais, e-mails, músicas, livros, milhas aéreas, moedas virtuais. 1. ed. Indaiatuba. Editora Foco Jurídico. 2017. p.128

————————

OLIVEIRA, Euclides; Amorim, Sebastião. Inventário e Partilha: teoria e prática. 25. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva Educação, 2018.

DIAS, Maria Berenice. Manual das Sucessões. 7. ed. rev., atual. e ampl. Salvador: Editora JusPodivm, 2021.

CANSIAN, Adriana; MIELE, Aluísio; CINTRA, Caio; COLOMBO, Cristiano; CABELLA, Daniela; ARAÚJO, Débora; MONTE-SERRAT, DIONÉIA; PIMENTA, Eduardo; CANO, Flávia; JALLAIS, Gabriel; LIMA, Gabriel; FERRARI, Giovanni; FALEIROS JÚNIOR, José Luiz (org.); CAMARGO, Júlia (org.); ROCHA, Lucas; SOUZA, Maique; MATTIUZZO, Marcela; MILAGRES, Marcelo; CHAVES, Natália; LIMA, Pedro Henrique; QUINELATO, Pietra; QUEIROZ, Renata; CALAZA, Tales; HAYASHI, Victor; MARQUES, Vivian; ENGELMANN, Wilson; CARVALHO, CARAVALHO, Anne Isabelle; NOGUEIRA, Michele (org.); PARENTONI, Leonardo (org.). DIREITO, TECNOLOGIA E INOVAÇÃO vol. 5 Internet das Coisas (IoT). 1. ed. Belo Horizonte. Centro de Pesquisa em Direito, Tecnologia e Inovação – Centro DTIBR. 2023.

ZAMPIER, Bruno. Bens Digitais – cybercultura, redes sociais, e-mails, músicas, livros, milhas aéreas, moedas virtuais. 1. ed. Indaiatuba. Editora Foco Jurídico. 2017.

/by

DET e DJE: Features, and awards – a Guide for employers and principals

Recently, new tools have been implemented in order to change the receive mode, and the science citation and notification issued by the Ministry of Labour, and by the Brazilian Judiciary system. In this article, we explore the main features of these tools and the necessary details – Home Electronics with Labour and the DJE – Home-Judicial E -highlighting their differences, features, and enforcement.

What is the DETAIL?

The GI system is a system of Government, that is managed by a SIT – Department of Labour Inspection, which is part of the MINISTRY of labor and employment, Ministry of Labour and Employment. This system was established in order to cater to the art. 628-The CLT, which provides electronic communication between the Audit and Tax Work, and employers.

The goal of the necessary details for you: * to Increase the transparency and efficiency, and the relationship between the government and the employers. The DETAIL makes it easier to digital communications between the Auditors and the employer, ensuring the highest security and transparency of the information passed as well as reduce the duration of the process (es) and operating costs.

Who should use it in the DETAIL? The use of the necessary details it is mandatory for all employers, irrespective of whether they are employees, including employers ‘ home. It is essential that all employers (individuals and legal entities despersonificados, among other things) to keep your records updated in the DETAIL, as the guidelines are available in the Manual of the DET1.

To access the DETAIL: in THE platform of the necessary details and can be accessed from any operating system can connect to the Internet, and by means of authenticating via login to the account of government.br, or by means of a Digital Certificate. Notifications will be sent to you by e-mail to the contacts that are registered with, and informs them about the existence of the additional information in the Box that the post office DETAIL. However, the science officer of the employer, it only occurs with the message you directly on the platform, and it is not the e-mail address.

Time limits and penalties for the use of the DET

The deadline for the reading of e-mails: it Is crucial for employers to be mindful of the time limit for the reading of the messages that are received in the DETAIL. The notifications have not been read within 15 (fifteen) days shall be considered to be received fully. In some cases, this period may be lower than that specified in the notice you received.

The penalties for non-compliance: non-compliance with the obligations of the DETAIL may result in fines ranging from$ 208,09 R$ 2.080,91, depending on the severity of the infraction.

DJE: Focus on the communications, legal

The DJE is a digital platform that is created for you to centralize the communication of process, summons and subpoenas for the persons, legal entities and private individuals. The DJE, which unifies the communication methods have previously been used, providing a centralized solution for the communication process.

Platform for the Communication Process: Designed to meet the needs of the society and of the courts of this platform to centralize all your communications with procedural and electronic courts in a one of a kind.

Registration on the DJE: register at DJE is mandatory for organizations such as the Union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities, institutions of direct administration, public and private companies, medium-sized and large-sized businesses. For the micro, small and mid-sized businesses, the survey is optional and, so long as they have the email address registered in your system’s Redesim, as well as for private individuals. Details are on the registration form is available in the Manual of the DJE1.

Best practices for the use of the GI and the DJE

In order to ensure compliance with the law and avoid penalties, companies should adhere to best practices, such as:

The registration is correct, please make Sure that the registered e-mail address to be accessed on a regular basis by more than one person.
Daily check: Go to the platforms in DETAIL, and DJE every day to see the new communications, and avoiding to lose time limits are important.
The organization of the flow of a work: to Establish a clear workflow to manage the the notifications and communications received by such platforms.

Conclusion

The implementation of the necessary details and DJE represents a significant step forward in the modernization of the communication between the Public Administration, the Judiciary, and the employer, in promoting greater efficiency, transparency and security for the fulfilment of legal obligations. To keep up-to-date and compliant with the these platforms, it is essential to avoid any penalties and to ensure the management of the legal function efficiently.

1, Available at: https://det.sit.trabalho.gov.br/manual/

2, Available at: https://www.cnj.jus.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/manual-do-usuario-domicilio-judicial-eletronico-ed2.pdf.

/by

Industrial property: the Guardian of the innovation and uniqueness

Introduction

Intellectual property plays an important role in the protection and enhancement of innovation and creation for business. Shall be governed by the law 9.279/96, for this area includes trademarks, inventions, utility models and industrial designs, ensuring the exclusive right to use it. Get to understand their ways, it is essential to maintain a competitive position in the market.

The basics of the intellectual property

These rights are essential in order to differentiate products and services in the market. Registration with the INPI (National Institute of industrial property, it is essential to ensure the legal protection and exclusive rights. The process begins with the submission of specific documents and compliance with the technical requirements that ensure the validity of the rights over the intangible. You have registered with the INPI is the most important step to secure and defend intellectual property rights.

The law 9.279/96 brings together all of the intangible property subject to registration by the INPI and the consequent right to the exclusive use of, and they are: Bullet; Inventions; utility patents; Industrial Designs.

The brand name is regarded as a sign affixed to a product, a commodity, or an indication of a service designed to help you distinguish it from others. Thus, the brand name is what identifies and distinguishes a product or service in the market, so the main requirement to be registered with the INPI it’s the distinctive and, therefore, to introduce a new addition compared to the market for the specified class in which it is located.

After the registration, the proprietor of a trade mark shall have exclusive use for up to 10 years (may be extended over the national territory and, as a rule, in their field of expertise.

Already, in the invention, it is the intangible outcome of the activity, dealing with the industrial application. In the invention, it is protected through the patent system, which ensures that the owner of the exclusive basis for up to 20 years.

Therefore, the utility model is a kind of refinement of the invention, that is, it is an element, the aggregate of the invention, and it requires a new, industrial applications, and in the act of invention. The utility model are also protected by the patent system, and warrants to the owner of the exclusive than 15 years of age.

In the end, the industrial design is a original and new for the specific product in order to make it unmistakable to the public consumer. To be able to be registered with the INPI must be a new creation of the original, which is not present on the original shape of the object, and is capable of processing. The registration of an industrial design ensures the exclusivity of 10 years (which can be renewed up to three times per 5 years).

Warranty is exclusive, and legal action

The holder of the intellectual property will only acquire the right to the exclusive use of the issue of a certificate of registration by the INPI. For this reason, companies that want to ensure the exclusive use of its trademarks, and inventions ‘ they should seek legal advice in an efficient, that you can consider and the need for the record in BRAZIL, in order to maintain their reputation in the market, and your valuable customers.

In addition, the law 9.279/96, also deals with the important aspects of industrial property rights, such as the rules on penalties applicable in cases of infringement of the protection against unfair competition. Among the penalties that are in the seizure of the goods and the payment of compensation to the owner is injured. In addition to this, the law suggests that the measures of protection against the misuse of geographical indications, and trade dress. Companies that want to ensure the integrity of your identity, visual, and territorial must adhere to the regulations and to consider the follow-up expert, to avoid legal disputes and to ensure the defence of the full rights of the intellectual property.

The challenges and tendencies in the industrial property office

Today, enterprises face significant challenges in protecting their intellectual property rights as a result of globalisation, and the increasing digitalization. With the proliferation of online platforms has facilitated the infringement of trade marks and patents, requiring constant monitoring and preventive measures to be effective. In addition to this, the increase in international competition intensifies, the need for strategies that are robust to advocate change. The current trends which include the use of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, to enhance the safety and the tracing of their rights. To align with international standards and is in the process of adapting to new market dynamics are essential in order to protect the safety and effectiveness of the protection of industrial property.

Some of the meanings of the courts

The sight of the important role played by the industrial property office of the Courts has already entered into some of the relevant views on the subject.

It is worth mentioning the understanding entered into by the supreme court for the compensation for damage to property, and compensation for damages to the off-balance sheet items, in the event of notice of the breach of the trade mark, there is no clear evidence of loss of material and moral, arising out of your use or misuse (One 1804035/DF, rel. ministra NANCY ANDRIGHI, 3rd class, and was published in 28/6/19).

In the framework of the high court of justice, the Court has to be reinforced in a number of decisions, on the principle of speciality, provided for in section XIX of the art. 124 of the law 9.279/96, which provides for the possibility of co-existence of trademarks that are similar or related, since they are not likely to cause the association of misuse or confusion on the market for consumer-to-consumer’S – AgInt in One 1663455 SP 2017/0048618-9, rapporteur: ministro Luis Felipe Salomão, 4th class, and was published in 25/11/21).

As for the Courts of the State, is a relevant example is the ruling of the ECJ, state of minas gerais, which determined that the protection of the brand is usually the case for trade dress (set of-visual-global is a product that gives you the visual identity, with the distinctive characteristics) of the companies (BK, MG – CA, 10000205796139001 MG), rapporteur: mr Arnaldo antunes Maciel, Town, Civil / 18-Civil Chamber, which was published in 23/2/21). Thus, in a general way, for the protection of trade dress that has been provided by the Courts based on the protection of the brand name, or the seal of the unfair competition law.

Criticism of the legislative process, the law on industrial property

The law 9.279/96, which is an industrial property in Brazil, and is the subject of severe criticism are significant in relation to the process of its development. One of the main criticisms is the fact that the initial draft of the law was drawn up in the English language, which led to concerns about the adequacy of the law to the specific characteristics of the brazilian market, and as far as the transparency of the legislative process. This move was seen by many as an attempt to align it with the brazilian legislation, will quickly take you to the international standards, without a due consideration of the needs of the locals.

In spite of the needs that are evident in the update, there is no project that is relevant to the reform of the law on intellectual property. Several factors, political and economic elements that have influenced this process, resulting in a stagnation that may hinder the effective protection of intellectual property rights, in Brazil. The modernization of the law, it has been seen by some legal experts as essential in order to ensure that the innovations are to be properly protected, both at the national and international levels.

The need for reform, according to Newton’s Games

Professor Newton, Of the Games, a well-known expert in business law and intellectual property, and pointed out the urgent need for reform of the law on the protection of industrial property. In their study, De Luca shows that the current legislation does not answer to the realities and demands of today’s marketplace, especially as a result of the rapid pace of technological change. He suggests that it is a far-reaching reforms is crucial in order to ensure that the brazilian laws and regulations continue to protect their innovations and creations in the business field.

Conclusion

Intellectual property continues to be a key pillar for the protection of the innovation and to the promotion of competitiveness in the global market. The modernization of the legislation, and the adoption of innovative practices are needed to address the challenges posed by globalization and digitization. It is imperative for companies to seek appropriate protection for their assets, intangible assets, and ensuring that the platform can be preserved and cherished.

BRAZIL. Lei nº 9.279 de 14 de maio de 1996. Provides for the protection of industrial property. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, brazil, may 15, 1996. Section 1.

DANNEMANN, SIEMSEN, BIGLER, and the IPANEMA MOREIRA. Comments on intellectual property law, and alike. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2001.

DI BLASI, Gabriel, GARCIA, Mario S.; MENDES, Paulo Parente, M., The protection of industrial property. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2002.

HONESTLY, Vera Helena de Mello. The Manual of commercial law. São Paulo: Revista dos tribunais, 2001. y-1.

https://www.migalhas.com.br/depeso/414406/propriedade-industrial-guardia-da-inovacao-e-exclusividade

/by

Localization

Jundiaí/SP
Rua João Canela, 161,
Jardim Brasil, ZipCode 13201-852

São Paulo/SP
Alameda Santos, 1470, sala 610,
Jardim Paulista, ZipCode 01418-100

Belo Horizonte/MG
Av. Bias Fortes, nº 349, 6thfloor
Lourdes, ZipCode 30170-011

News

Navigation

  Home

  About Us

  Areas of Practice

  Our team

  News

  Work with us

  Contact

  Ombudsman

  Newsletter

  Privacy Policy

Contact

  +55 11 2923-7989

  tm@tmassociados.com.br

© 2025 TM | Theon de Moraes, Toledo Piza & Associados. All rights reserved.